Adaptación transcultural para Colombia y validez de contenido de la escala RAC de evaluación del riesgo de infección en el adulto hospitalizado / Cross-cultural adaptation for Colombia and content validity of the RAC scale for assessing the risk of infection in hospitalized adults

Introducción: Las Infecciones Asociadas a la Atención en Salud (IAAS) son un grave problema de salud pública, que puede ser prevenidas al identificar los factores de riesgo con el uso de escalas. Objetivo: Adaptar transculturalmente y realizar la validación de contenido y de face de la escala Rodríguez-Almeida-Cañon (RAC) de evaluación del riesgo de infección en adultos hospitalizados. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio metodológico de adaptación transcultural. La recolección de datos se realizó de junio a noviembre de 2020. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 11 especialistas. La escala RAC se evaluó en su conjunto, determinando su alcance, los ítems fueron evaluados individualmente, verificando su claridad, relevancia y pertinencia. Para evaluar cada ítem se utilizó una escala tipo Likert de cuatro niveles. La validez de contenido fue evaluada a través del índice de validez de contenido (IVC). Resultados: Por medio de la evaluación del comité de especialistas fue posible determinar que la escala RAC es apta para uso en el contexto cultural colombiano. Se realizaron ajustes para mejorar la interpretación de algunos ítems. El IVC de los ítems estuvo entre 0.90 a 1.0 y el IVC promedio de la escala fue de 0.98. Discusión: Esta escala permite medir el riesgo de IAAS a un bajo costo, con el fin de poder planear y ejecutar intervenciones por parte del equipo multidisciplinario que tiene a cargo la salud y el cuidado del paciente. Conclusiones: La escala RAC en su versión en español es un instrumento apropiado para la evaluación del riesgo de IAAS en el adulto hospitalizado en Colombia.

Introduction: Health care­associated infections (HAI) are a serious public health problem, which can be prevented by identifying risk factors with the use of scales. Objective: To adapt cross-culturally and perform content and face validation of the Rodríguez-Almeida-Cañon (RAC) scale for assessing the risk of infection in hospitalized adults. Materials and Methods: Methodological study of cross-cultural adaptation. Data collection was carried out from June to November 2020. The sample consisted of 11 specialists. The RAC scale was evaluated as a whole, determining its scope, the items were evaluated individually, verifying their clarity, relevance and pertinence. To evaluate each item, a four-level Likert-type scale was used. The content validity was evaluated through the content validity index (CVI). Results: Through the evaluation of the committee of specialists it was possible to determine that the RAC scale is suitable for use in the Colombian cultural context. Adjustments were made to improve the interpretation of some items. The CVI of the items was between 0.90 to 1.0 and the average CVI of the scale was 0.98. Discusión: This scale makes it possible to measure the HAI risk at a low cost, in order to be able to plan and execute interventions by the multidisciplinary team in charge of the health and care of the patient. Conclusions: The RAC scale in its Spanish version is an appropriate instrument for assessing the risk of HAI in hospitalized adults in Colombia.

Introdução: As infecções associadas à assistência à saúde (IAAS) são um grave problema de saúde pública, que pode ser prevenido por meio da identificação de fatores de risco com o uso de escalas. Objetivo: Adaptar transculturalmente e realizar a validação de conteúdo e de face da escala Rodríguez-Almeida-Cañon (RAC), de avaliação do risco de infecção em adultos hospitalizados. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo metodológico de adaptação transcultural. A coleta de dados foi realizada no período de junho a novembro de 2020. A amostra foi composta por 11 especialistas. A escala RAC foi avaliada como um todo, determinando seu escopo, os itens foram avaliados individualmente, verificando sua clareza, relevância e pertinência. Para avaliar cada item, foi utilizada uma escala do tipo Likert de quatro níveis. A validade de conteúdo foi avaliada por meio do índice de validade de conteúdo (IVC). Resultados: Por meio da avaliação do comitê de especialistas, foi possível constatar que a escala RAC é adequada para uso no contexto cultural colombiano. Ajustes foram feitos para melhorar a interpretação de alguns itens. O IVC dos itens ficou entre 0,90 a 1,0 e o IVC médio da escala foi de 0,98. Discussão: Esta escala permite mensurar o risco de IAAS a baixo custo, de forma a poder planejar e executar intervenções da equipe multiprofissional responsável pela saúde e cuidado do paciente. Conclusões: A escala RAC em sua versão em espanhol é um instrumento adequado para a avaliação do risco de IAAS em adultos hospitalizados na Colômbia.

Nursing Diagnosis for Potential Organ Donors: Accuracy Study.

The objective was to analyze the diagnostic accuracy of Impaired physiological balance syndrome in potential brain-dead organ donors. It is a study of diagnostic accuracy. Data was retrospectively collected from 145 medical records through the filling out of an instrument containing 25 indicators of the nursing diagnosis (ND). Descriptive and inferential statistics were used. The prevalence of the ND was 77 (53.1%). The indicator with the best measures of accuracy was altered heart rate. Therefore, it has the best predictive capacity for determining the ND. It was identified that the absence of the indicators altered heart rate, hyperglycemia, and altered blood pressure is associated with the absence of the ND, while the presence of the indicators hyperthermia, hypothermia, and altered heart rhythm is associated with the presence of the ND. Accurate indicators will assist in diagnostic inference and the interventions and results will have greater chances of targeting and effectiveness.

Validity and reliability of the RAC adult infection risk scale: A new instrument to measure healthcare-associated infection risk.

Healthcare-associated infections represent a public health problem, and they have repercussions for patient safety. The aim of this study was to determine the psychometric properties of the Rodríguez-Almeida-Cañon (RAC) adult infection risk scale, focusing on the construct and predictive validity and reliability. The study enrolled 278 patients at a large hospital in southern Brazil. The research process involved the following three phases: construct validation, assessing predictive validity, and assessing reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit using a two-factor model with 15 items. The logistic regression analysis showed an association between the scale score and prediction of developing healthcare-associated infections (odds ratio: 1.18; 95% confidence interval: 1.08-1.28). The Cronbach's alpha was 0.72 for intrinsic factors subscale and 0.71 for extrinsic factors subscale. A high level of inter-rater agreement (intraclass correlation coefficient ≥0.97) was found for both subscales. The Bland and Altman method showed narrow agreement limits, demonstrating good agreement between evaluators. The findings of this study showed that the RAC adult infection risk scale is a new, reliable, and psychometrically valid instrument to assess healthcare-associated infections risk. Future research using this scale may lead to a better understanding of the healthcare-associated infections risk and assist health professionals in decision-making for interventions to improve patient safety.

Pain Information Model and Its Potential for Predictive Analytics: Applicability of a Big Data Science Framework.

PURPOSE: To describe the application of a big data science framework to develop a pain information model and to discuss the potential for its use in predictive modeling. DESIGN AND METHOD: This is an application of a cross-industry standard process for a data mining adapted framework (the Applied Healthcare Data Science Framework) to build an information model on pain management and its potential for predictive modeling. Data were derived from electronic health records and were composed of approximately 51,000 records of unique adult patients admitted to clinical and surgical units between July 2015 and June 2019. FINDINGS: The application of the Applied Healthcare Data Science Framework steps allowed the development of an information model on pain management, considering pain assessment, interventions, goals, and outcomes. The developed model has the potential to be used for predicting which patients are most likely to be discharged with self-reported pain. CONCLUSIONS: Through the application of the framework, it is possible to support health professionals' decision making on the use of data to improve the effectiveness of pain management. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In the long term, the framework is intended to guide data science methodologies to personalize treatments, reduce costs, and improve health outcomes.

Information Model on Pain Management: An Analysis of Big Data.

PURPOSE: To develop an information model to support secondary use of data using electronic health records. DESIGN: Retrospective observational data-driven study with secondary use of data. The sample was composed of structured data from all adults admitted to clinical and surgical inpatient units of a public university hospital. Data between June 2014 and July 2019 were included, totaling approximately 51,000 unique patients. METHODS: Six systematic steps of the Applied Healthcare Data Science Roadmap were applied. FINDINGS: An information model on pain management was developed. CONCLUSIONS: The data science methodology used allowed the development of information model in pain management, mapping attributes about pain management and to categorize them into assessment and reassessment, goals, interventions, and outcomes. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Based on the information model developed, it is possible to optimize the electronic health system and improve the quality of patient care delivery in pain management.

Evaluation of Acute Pain in Patients Undergoing Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate pain levels in patients who underwent total hip arthroplasty (THA) using the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC). METHODS: Prospective cohort study conducted in the surgical hospitalization units of a university hospital in southern Brazil. Twenty-four patients were evaluated and followed-up for four consecutive days after THA. FINDINGS: A significant difference was found between the first and last evaluations for the outcome pain level (2102). Two indicators also showed statistically significant differences overtime. CONCLUSIONS: The NOC outcome and indicators demonstrated the different pain levels of patients who underwent THA. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: The NOC system is applicable to clinical practice, because it facilitated the follow-up of patient progression.

Adverse Reactions to Medications: Concept Analysis and Development of a New Risk Nursing Diagnosis.

PURPOSE: To analyze the concept of adverse reaction to medications and to develop the new nursing diagnosis Risk for Adverse Reactions to Medications. METHODS: Concept analysis using Walker and Avant's eight step method. FINDINGS: Thirty-three articles indexed in four databases were included. The components of the new nursing diagnosis were determined, including possible nursing outcomes and interventions. CONCLUSIONS: The concept analysis supported the development of the new nursing diagnosis Risk for Adverse Reactions to Medications, which may help nurses to evaluate and identify patients susceptible to adverse reactions. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: The establishment of this nursing diagnosis will provide nurses an opportunity to implement interventions to anticipate and effectively intervene with patients at risk for this condition.

Incidence of Falls in a General Hospital in Southern Brazil.

Understanding the multifactorial dimension of fall risk contributes to the search for better preventive interventions. The objective of this study was to identify the events types and the most frequent causes related to falls in adults and newborns. In the included period, 378 falls occurred. Understanding the predictive factors for the occurrence of falls has the potential to guarantee better safety for the patient.

Risk factors for health care-associated infection in hospitalized adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Health care-associated infections (HAIs) are a public health problem that increase health care costs. This article aimed to systematically review the literature and meta-analyze studies investigating risk factors (RFs) independently associated with HAIs in hospitalized adults. METHODS: Electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, and LILACS) were searched to identify studies from 2009-2016. Pooled risk ratios (RRs) or odds ratios (ORs) or mean differences (MDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated and compared across the groups. This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. RESULTS: Of 867 studies, 65 met the criteria for review, and the data of 18 were summarized in the meta-analysis. The major RFs independently associated with HAIs were diabetes mellitus (RR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.27-2.44), immunosuppression (RR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.04-1.47), body temperature (MD, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.41-0.83), surgery time in minutes (MD, 34.53; 95% CI, 22.17-46.89), reoperation (RR, 7.94; 95% CI, 5.49-11.48), cephalosporin exposure (RR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.30-2.42), days of exposure to central venous catheter (MD, 5.20; 95% CI, 4.91-5.48), intensive care unit (ICU) admission (RR, 3.76; 95% CI, 1.79-7.92), ICU stay in days (MD, 21.30; 95% CI, 19.81-22.79), and mechanical ventilation (OR, 12.95; 95% CI, 6.28-26.73). CONCLUSIONS: Identifying RFs that contribute to develop HAIs may support the implementation of strategies for their prevention, therefore maximizing patient safety.

Nursing Outcomes for the Evaluation of Patients During Smoking Cessation.

OBJECTIVES: To select outcomes of the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) and develop operational definitions for their indicators in order to evaluate patients during smoking cessation. METHODS: A consensus study among experts, involving eight nurses. A 100% consensus was required to select the outcomes. Operational definitions were developed based on the literature. RESULTS: Two outcomes were selected, Smoking Cessation Behavior (1625)-with nine indicators, and Substance Withdrawal Severity (2108)-with 11 indicators, for which we developed operational definitions. CONCLUSIONS: Consensus allowed the selection of NOC outcomes and indicators, which will allow us to evaluate patients during smoking cessation using a standardized classification. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: A standardized classification provides a more qualified evaluation of patients during smoking cessation.

Nursing outcome "Severity of infection": conceptual definitions for indicators related to respiratory problems / Resultado de enfermería ''severidad de la infección: definiciones conceptuales para indicadores relacionados a problemas respiratorios / Resultado de Enfermagem ''Gravidade de Infecção: definições conceituais para os indicadores relacionados a problemas respiratórios

Objective.Build conceptual definitions for some indicators of the nursing outcome Infection Severity in the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) related to respiratory problems, based on scientific evidence of signs and symptoms of infection in adults. Methods. Integrative literature review with search in the databases PubMed, CINAHL, LILACS and SCOPUS. Studies whose full texts were available, published in Spanish, Portuguese or English, using the descriptors infection severity, nursing outcomes classification NOC, respiratory infections and respiratory signs and symptoms. Results. Nine publications were analyzed that supported the elaboration of the conceptual definitions for eight indicators of the Nursing Outcome Infection Severity: purulent drainage, fever, chilling, unstable temperature, pain, colonization of drainage cultivation, white blood cell count elevation and white blood cell count drop. Conclusion. This study contributed to understand the terms used in the nursing outcome Infection Severity, in order to improve and facilitate the use of the NOC, as it enhances the conceptual clarity of the selected indicators with a view to producing better scientific evidence.

Objetivo.Construir definições conceituais para alguns indicadores do resultado de enfermagem Gravidade de Infecção da Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) relacionados aos problemas respiratórios, a partir de evidências científicas sobre sinais e sintomas de infecção em pessoas adultas. Métodos. Revisão integrativa da literatura com busca nas bases de dados PubMed, CINAHL, LILACS e SCOPUS. Foram incluídos estudos com textos na integra, publicados em espanhol, português ou inglês, usando os descritores gravidade da infecção, classificação dos resultados de enfermagem da NOC, infecções respiratórias, e sinais e sintomas respiratórios. Resultados. Analisaram-se nove publicações que embasaram a elaboração das definições conceituais de oitos indicadores do Resultado de Enfermagem Gravidade de Infecção: expectoração purulenta, febre, hipotermia, instabilidade da temperatura, dor, colonização em cultura de expectoração, elevação na contagem das células brancas e depressão na contagem das células brancas. Conclusão. O estudo contribuiu para a compreensão dos termos utilizados no resultado enfermagem Gravidade de Infecção, de modo a aperfeiçoar e facilitar o uso da NOC, à medida que apresenta refinamento do ponto de vista conceitual dos indicadores selecionados, de modo a produzir melhores evidências científicas.

Objetivo.Construir definiciones conceptuales para algunos indicadores del resultado de enfermería severidad de la infección de Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) relacionados con problemas respiratorios, a partir de evidencias científicas sobre señales y síntomas para infección en personas adultas. Métodos. Revisión integrativa de la literatura en las bases de datos PubMed, CINAHL, LILACS y SCOPUS. Se incluyeron los estudios en texto completo publicados en español, portugués e inglés que incluyeran los descriptores severidad de la infección, clasificación de los resultados de enfermería NOC, infecciones respiratorias, y señales y síntomas respiratorios. Resultados. Se analizaron nueve publicaciones que fundamentaron la elaboración de las definiciones conceptuales de ocho indicadores del resultado de enfermería severidad de la infección: esputo purulento, fiebre, hipotermia, inestabilidad de la temperatura, dolor, colonización en el cultivo de esputo, aumento de leucocitos, disminución de leucocitos. Conclusión. El estudio contribuyó para la comprensión de los términos utilizados en el resultado de enfermería severidad de la infección, para perfeccionar y facilitar el uso de NOC, en la medida que presenta mayor claridad desde el punto de vista conceptual de los indicadores seleccionados, de modo que se pueda producir mejores evidencias científicas.

Nursing outcome "Severity of infection": conceptual definitions for indicators related to respiratory problems.

OBJECTIVE: Build conceptual definitions for some indicators of the nursing outcome Infection Severity in the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) related to respiratory problems, based on scientific evidence of signs and symptoms of infection in adults. METHODS: Integrative literature review with search in the databases PubMed, CINAHL, LILACS and SCOPUS. Studies whose full texts were available, published in Spanish, Portuguese or English, using the descriptors infection severity, nursing outcomes classification NOC, respiratory infections and respiratory signs and symptoms. RESULTS: Nine publications were analyzed that supported the elaboration of the conceptual definitions for eight indicators of the Nursing Outcome Infection Severity: purulent drainage, fever, chilling, unstable temperature, pain, colonization of drainage cultivation, white blood cell count elevation and white blood cell count drop. CONCLUSION: This study contributed to understand the terms used in the nursing outcome Infection Severity, in order to improve and facilitate the use of the NOC, as it enhances the conceptual clarity of the selected indicators with a view to producing better scientific evidence.Objetivo.Construir definições conceituais para alguns indicadores do resultado de enfermagem Gravidade de Infecção da Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) relacionados aos problemas respiratórios, a partir de evidências científicas sobre sinais e sintomas de infecção em pessoas adultas. Métodos. Revisão integrativa da literatura com busca nas bases de dados PubMed, CINAHL, LILACS e SCOPUS. Foram incluídos estudos com textos na integra, publicados em espanhol, português ou inglês, usando os descritores gravidade da infecção, classificação dos resultados de enfermagem da NOC, infecções respiratórias, e sinais e sintomas respiratórios. Resultados. Analisaram-se nove publicações que embasaram a elaboração das definições conceituais de oitos indicadores do Resultado de Enfermagem Gravidade de Infecção: expectoração purulenta, febre, hipotermia, instabilidade da temperatura, dor, colonização em cultura de expectoração, elevação na contagem das células brancas e depressão na contagem das células brancas. Conclusão. O estudo contribuiu para a compreensão dos termos utilizados no resultado enfermagem Gravidade de Infecção, de modo a aperfeiçoar e facilitar o uso da NOC, à medida que apresenta refinamento do ponto de vista conceitual dos indicadores selecionados, de modo a produzir melhores evidências científicas.

Clinical indicators to monitor patients with risk for ineffective cerebral tissue perfusion.

OBJECTIVE: Select and validate the clinical indicators to monitor patients on risk for ineffective cerebral tissue perfusion, according to the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC). METHODOLOGY: Validation study carried out between November 2012 and August 2013, in a Brazilian hospital. Seventeen judges nurses evaluated the clinical indicators of Nursing Outcomes, according to NOC for patients on risk for ineffective cerebral tissue perfusion. In the first stage, were selected the nursing results for the assessment of the studied diagnosis and, in the second nurses assessment the importance of the indicators of the validated results in the previous step through a five points Likert scale (1 = not important to 5 = extremely important). Were used the content validity index (CVI) that corresponds to the calculation of weighted averages of them marks awarded for each indicator, as it considered the following weights: 1=0.00, 2=0.25, 3=0.50; 4=0.75; 5=1.00. For categorization, the CVI considered as critical = ≥0.80; supplementary =≥0.50 to 0.79 and were disposed results <0.50. RESULTS: Of the 9 nursing results, only the cerebral tissue perfusion obtained a 100% consensus. The CVI of the 18 indicators of this result showed that five were validated as critical (impaired neurological reflexes, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, reduced level of consciousness and mean arterial pressure), 12 were validated as supplementary (Agitation, Impaired cognition, Intracranial pressure, Syncope, Vomiting, Findings of cerebral angiography, Headache, Restlessness, Fever, Unexplained anxiety, listlessness and Hiccughs) and one was disposed (carotid bruit). CONCLUSIONS: The validation of information about the conditions of risk may allow early intervention to minimize the consequences of ineffective cerebral tissue perfusion.

Nursing outcomes for Brazilian pediatric patients hospitalized with deficient diversional activity.

PURPOSE: To validate the content of nursing outcomes for pediatric patients hospitalized with a nursing diagnosis of deficient diversional activity. METHODS: The nursing outcomes were evaluated by expert nurses from a Brazilian hospital; the nurses used a Likert-type scale. We considered those that had a weighted average of ≥0.80 as valid outcomes. FINDINGS: Eight (57.14%) nursing outcomes and 54 (45.38%) indicators were validated. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that nursing outcomes validated by the experts are pertinent for Brazilian pediatric patients hospitalized and diagnosed with deficient diversional activity. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Nursing Outcomes Classification is a viable alternative for the assessment of nursing care outcomes. Further studies should investigate the applicability of these data in clinical practice.

Validation of mapping of care actions prescribed for orthopedic patients onto the nursing interventions classification.

This study mapped the 52 nursing care actions prescribed for orthopedic patients onto Self-care Deficit: bathing and/or hygiene, Impaired Physical Mobility and Risk for Infection, according to the Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC). The study was developed at a University Hospital in Porto Alegre, Brazil, using the Delphi Technique as the content validation method, considering a level of 70% of agreement among experts. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics. Twenty-two experts validated the mapping of 51 nursing care actions onto 56 NIC interventions in two rounds. The objective was achieved because only one mapped care action did not reach the established level of agreement. None of the mapped care actions reached 100% consensus, which evidences the various possibilities of comparison and the importance of validation studies.